Japanese Scales for Guitar | Hirajoshi, Iwato, Yo, In Sen, Kumoi

Japanese Scales: History, Types, and Applications

Japanese music is renowned for its melodic beauty and ability to evoke a wide spectrum of emotions. Japanese scales are central to this unique sound, often characterized by minor tone intervals and dissonances that create a special atmosphere. Throughout history, these scales have played a crucial role in traditional music, such as gagaku (imperial court music) and shamisen (a traditional Japanese instrument). They have also found their way into modern popular music, influencing genres like J-pop and anime soundtracks.

In this article, we will delve into the most prominent Japanese scales, their characteristics, and how they are used to create evocative soundscapes.

1. The History of Japanese Scales

Japanese scales boast a rich tradition that spans over a thousand years. While modern Japanese music has been influenced by Western styles, traditional scales remain an essential element defining the Japanese sound.

Rooted in spirituality and nature, these scales reflect a deep connection to serenity, calmness, and mystery. They have been a staple in classical and folk music throughout Japanese history and continue to inspire contemporary compositions.

2. Types of Japanese Scales

Here are some of the most well-known Japanese scales, each with its unique characteristics and applications:

Hirajoshi Scale

The Hirajoshi scale is a traditional Japanese pentatonic scale often used in instrumental music, especially with the shamisen and koto. It has an exotic sound marked by minor intervals.

Hirajoshi

Structure: 1, 2, ♭3, 5, ♭6
Example in C: C, D, E♭, G, A♭
Characteristics: Its melancholic and mysterious tone makes it ideal for meditative or introspective music.

Yo Scale (Japanese Major Scale)

The Yo scale is a traditional Japanese major scale, similar to the Western pentatonic major scale. It avoids semitones between the 3rd and 4th degrees and the 7th and 8th degrees.

Structure: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
Example in C: C, D, F, G, A
Characteristics: Bright and uplifting, it is often used in festive or cheerful music.

In Sen Scale

The In Sen scale is a variation of the In scale, primarily used in traditional Japanese music to create an even deeper, melancholic tone. It features the ♭2 instead of the natural 2.

In Sen

Structure: 1, ♭2, 4, 5, ♭6
Example in A: A, B♭, D, E, F
Characteristics: Its mystical and somber tone suits compositions seeking intense emotions or dark atmospheres.

Iwato Scale

The Iwato scale is a traditional Japanese scale with a darker tone, often used in ceremonial music and pieces with a mysterious ambiance.

Iwato

Structure: 1, ♭2, 4, ♭5, ♭7
Example in E: E, F, A, B♭, D
Characteristics: Enigmatic and tense, it is perfect for evoking nature or the supernatural.

Kumoi Scale

The Kumoi scale is a pentatonic Japanese scale noted for its melancholic yet serene tone. It features a mix of minor and major intervals for a balanced, unique sound.

Kumoi

Structure: 1, 2, ♭3, 5, 6
Example in C: C, D, E♭, G, A

Characteristics

Its ♭3 adds a modal, minor-like touch, lending a melancholic vibe.
Versatile for both traditional and modern contexts, from folk to jazz fusion.

3. Applications in Music

Japanese scales have influenced modern genres, including metal. Guitarists like Jason Becker and Marty Friedman explored these sounds in their band Cacophony and solo projects.